When the Portuguese reached South America in 1500, the current Brazil was inhabited by an estimated 2.4 million Amerindians, who were living there since the Pleistocene. From 1500 until its independence in 1822, Brazil was settled by some 500,000 Portuguese, mostly men. Portugal remained an the only significant source of European immigrants to Brazil until the early 19th century. As a result of the Atlantic slave trade, from the mid-16th century until 1855, an estimated 4 million African slaves were brought to Brazil. In 1808, the Portuguese court moved to Brazil and opened its seaports to other nations. Then, other groups of immigrants started to immigrate to the country. From 1820 to 1975, 5,686,133 immigrants entered Brazil, the vast majority of them Europeans. Portuguese and Italians arrived in equal numbers, and numbered close to 70% of all immigrants. The rest was composed mainly of Spaniards, Germans, Japanese, Syrians and Lebanese.[12] The Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) classify the Brazilian population in five categories: brancos (white), negros (black), pardos (brown), amarelos (Asian/yellow) and índios (Amerindian), based on skin color or race. The last detailed census (PNAD) found Brazil to be made up of 93 million Whites, 80 million brown people, 11.7 million Blacks, and 1.3 million Asian or Amerindian. In the 2005 detailed census, for the first time in two decades, the number of White Brazilians did not exceed 50% of the population. On the other side, the number of pardos(Brown) people increased and all the other remained almost the same. According to the IBGE, this trend is mainly because of the revaluation of the identity of historically discriminated ethnic groups. The ethnic composition of Brazilians is not uniform across the country. Due to its large influx of European immigrants in the 19th century, the Southern Region has a large White majority, composing 80.8% of its population.[13] The Northeastern Region, as a result of the large numbers of African slaves working in the sugar cane engenhos, has a majority of pardos and black peoples, respectively, 63.1% and 7.0%.[14] Northern Brazil, largely covered by the Amazon Rainforest, is 71.5% pardo, due to Amerindian ancestry.[15] Southeast and Central-Western Brazil have a more balanced ratio among different racial groups. [edit] External links (Portuguese) Lusotopia [edit] Footnotes ^ "Censo 2007: somos 183.987.291 brasileiros, mostra IBGE". Globo.com. Retrieved on 2008-01-21. (Portuguese) ^ a b c d e "Emigração Brasileira". Lusotopia (Carlos Fontes). Retrieved on 2008-01-21. (Portuguese) ^ 平成１９年末現在における外国人登録者統計について ^ Diversity news page ^ London, A Latin American City ^ INE ^ "Brasileiros na Suíça buscam melhor organização". Swissinfo.ch (Swiss Broadcasting Corporation). Retrieved on 2008-01-21. (Portuguese) ^ a b c d Constituição da República Federativa do Brasil, Artigo 12, I. ^ The Phylogeography of Brazilian Y-Chromosome Lineages ^ IBGE - Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística ^ "PNDA Census 2007 race" (in Portuguese). Retrieved on 2007-06-26. ^ The Phylogeography of Brazilian Y-Chromosome Lineages ^ Genealogy: German migration to Brazil ^ Brazil and the African Slave Trade ^ Sources :: Indigenous Peoples in Brazil - ISA

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