By the end of the 10th century, the city was a leading trading centre, incorporated into the holdings of the Piast dynasty. Brick buildings were constructed, including the Wawel Castle, Romanesque churches such as St. Adalbert's, a cathedral, and a basilica.[2] The city was almost entirely destroyed during the Tatar invasions of 1241, 1259 and 1287.[8] It was rebuilt and incorporated in 1257, based on the Magdeburg law, with tax benefits and trade privileges for its citizens.[9] The city again rose to prominence in 1364, when Casimir III of Poland founded the University of Kraków,[10] the second oldest university in central Europe after the University of Prague. The city continued to grow under the joint Lithuanian-Polish Jagiellon dynasty (1386–1572). As the capital of a powerful state and a member of the Hanseatic League, the city attracted many craftsmen, businesses, and guilds as science and the arts began to flourish.[11] [edit] Golden age Wawel Cathedral on Wawel Hill.

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